How do Pharma firms adopting serialization backbones, with appropriate infrastructure, attempt to reduce cost, minimize or reduce counterfeits, through technology implementations? Starting November 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will begin enforcing the requirement in the Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) to include a product identifier on prescription drug packaging. In the U.S. and other developed countries, counterfeit drugs are only about 1 percent of the supply, but in developing countries they can be as much as 40 percent. Many of these counterfeits lack the therapeutic ingredients, have the right ingredient but at the wrong dose, or are tainted with toxic substances. DSCSA calls for adoption of an interoperable tracking system by 2023, together with a high degree of product visibility, traceability, and reliability.